Shora
The audit

We graded every technique we ship, then published the table.

Meditation apps say “science-backed” and stop there. This is the whole list: 20 techniques, what the research actually supports for each one, and every paper we relied on. Nothing hidden behind a signup.

8
graded Strong
12
graded Moderate
23
papers cited
20
separate sources

How we grade

Three levels. Strong means randomized trials or a meta-analysis support the specific effect we are claiming. Moderate means the evidence is real but thinner: smaller samples, fewer replications, or a systematic review rather than a trial of the exact protocol. Emerging means promising and not yet settled. Where our only source is a book rather than a trial, it cannot be Strong, however established the practice is.

This is our reading of the literature, not a formal systematic review, and we are not a research group. The papers are linked so you can disagree with us.

Nothing here is graded Emerging. That deserves an explanation.

A scale where nothing ever scores lowest is a fair thing to be suspicious of. The reason is that Emerging techniques did not make it into the app. The grade exists so we have somewhere to put a practice that looks promising, and so far anything landing there has stayed out of the library rather than shipping with an asterisk.

We have also removed one. The physiological sigh was retired once cyclic sighing covered the same mechanism with better evidence behind it. Techniques leave this list as well as joining it.

What this does not tell you

A Strong grade means the technique holds up in research. It does not mean it will work for you on a Tuesday. Individual response varies enough that we built the whole app around asking you afterwards, rather than assuming the literature settles it.

Most of these studies also test the technique on its own, in a lab, over weeks. Shora sequences two or three of them into a session of a few minutes. That is a reasonable extrapolation and it is still an extrapolation.

All 20, with the papers

Strongest evidence first.

Autogenic Training Strong evidence Somatic
Autogenic training: a meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies
Stetter & Kupper, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 2002
Meta-analysis of 60 studies found medium-to-large effect sizes for autogenic training on anxiety, insomnia, and functional disorders.
doi.org/10.1023/a:1014576505223
Body Scan Strong evidence Somatic
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis
Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2004
MBSR (including body scan) significantly improved psychological wellbeing across both clinical and non-clinical populations.
doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7
Cognitive Reframing Strong evidence Cognitive
Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences
Stanford University, Psychophysiology 2002
Cognitive reappraisal effectively decreased negative emotional experience and amygdala activation without the costs of suppression.
doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
Cyclic Sighing Strong evidence Breathing
Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal
Stanford University, Cell Reports Medicine 2023
5 minutes of daily cyclic sighing significantly improved mood and reduced respiratory rate compared to mindfulness meditation.
doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100895
Diaphragmatic Breathing Strong evidence Breathing
The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults
Beijing Normal University, Frontiers in Psychology 2017
8 weeks of diaphragmatic breathing training significantly reduced cortisol and improved sustained attention.
doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
Gratitude Reflection Strong evidence Cognitive
Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life
UC Davis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003
Weekly gratitude journaling increased optimism and life satisfaction, and participants exercised more and had fewer physician visits.
doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
Loving-Kindness Meditation Strong evidence Hybrid
Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced Through Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources
University of North Carolina, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2008
7 weeks of loving-kindness meditation increased daily positive emotions and built personal resources including social support and mindfulness.
doi.org/10.1037/a0013262
Progressive Muscle Relaxation Strong evidence Somatic
Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and Physiological States of Relaxation
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021
PMR produced significant reductions in perceived stress, anxiety, and salivary cortisol across multiple outcome measures.
doi.org/10.1155/2021/5924040
4-7-8 Breathing Moderate evidence Breathing
The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults
Frontiers in Psychology 2017
Extended-exhale breathing patterns significantly reduced cortisol levels and self-reported anxiety in healthy adults.
doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
Breathing Practices for Treatment of Psychiatric and Stress-Related Medical Conditions
Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2013
Prolonged-exhale techniques shift autonomic balance toward parasympathetic dominance, aiding sleep onset.
doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.01.001
5-4-3-2-1 Grounding Moderate evidence Cognitive
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training: Distress Tolerance
Linehan, Guilford Press 2015
Grounding techniques from DBT significantly reduce acute anxiety and dissociative symptoms in clinical populations.
Book. No DOI to link.
Alternate Nostril Breathing Moderate evidence Hybrid
Blood Pressure and Purdue Pegboard Scores in Individuals with Hypertension after Alternate Nostril Breathing, Breath Awareness, and No Intervention
Patanjali Research Foundation, Medical Science Monitor 2013
Alternate nostril breathing significantly reduced blood pressure and improved fine motor performance in hypertensive individuals.
doi.org/10.12659/MSM.883743
Box Breathing Moderate evidence Breathing
How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing
University of Pisa, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2018
Slow breathing techniques including box breathing enhance parasympathetic activity and improve emotional regulation.
doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353
Breath Counting Moderate evidence Breathing
A mind you can count on: validating breath counting as a behavioral measure of mindfulness
University of Wisconsin, Frontiers in Psychology 2014
Breath counting accuracy correlated with trait mindfulness and predicted reduced mind-wandering.
doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01202
Energizing Breath Moderate evidence Breathing
Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal
Stanford University, Cell Reports Medicine 2023
Cyclic hyperventilation with longer inhalations and shorter exhalations raised physiological arousal and alertness relative to exhale-focused breathing.
doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100895
How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing
University of Pisa, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2018
Breathing pattern, including the emphasis placed on inhalation, modulates autonomic arousal and sympathetic tone.
doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353
Future Self Visualization Moderate evidence Visualization
Increasing Saving Behavior Through Age-Progressed Renderings of the Future Self
Stanford/NYU, Journal of Marketing Research 2011
Vivid future-self connection increased long-term oriented behavior and improved present emotional state.
doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.48.SPL.S23
NSDR / Yoga Nidra Moderate evidence Hybrid
Yoga Nidra practice shows improvement in sleep in patients with chronic insomnia: A randomized controlled trial
Datta et al., National Medical Journal of India 2021
Yoga Nidra significantly improved sleep quality and reduced insomnia severity compared to standard care.
doi.org/10.25259/nmji_63_19
Increased dopamine tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness
Kjaer et al., Cognitive Brain Research 2002
Yoga Nidra practice increased dopamine release by 65% in the ventral striatum, indicating deep non-sleep rest.
doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00106-9
Perspective Distancing Moderate evidence Visualization
Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Distinguishing distanced-analysis of depressive experiences from immersed-analysis and distraction
Kross & Ayduk, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008
Self-distanced reflection reduced emotional reactivity and rumination compared to immersed reflection.
doi.org/10.1177/0146167208315938
Safe Place Visualization Moderate evidence Visualization
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures
Shapiro, Guilford Press 2001
Safe place visualization as a resource installation technique reduces distress and stabilizes emotional state in trauma patients.
Book. No DOI to link.
Structured Awareness Moderate evidence Hybrid
Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation
University of Wisconsin, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008
Focused attention and open monitoring meditation engage distinct but complementary attentional networks; training both optimizes cognitive control.
doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005
Thought Defusion Moderate evidence Cognitive
Cognitive defusion and self-relevant negative thoughts: Examining the impact of a ninety year old technique
University of Nevada, Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004
A brief word-repetition defusion exercise significantly reduced discomfort and believability of negative self-referential thoughts.
doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.10.008

Use this, it is not ours to hoard

The papers belong to the people who wrote them. If you are building something, writing something, or just deciding whether any of this is real, take the table. A link back is welcome and not required.

Think we graded one wrong? Tell us and we will change it here. Related: how a session gets built, the sessions these are sequenced into, and where the AI actually is.